Other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c. production by country
World production of other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c. reached 3.3 million t in 2024, up 18% over ten years. The largest producers were India (43.3%), Turkey (11.1%), Bangladesh (9.1%), together 63% of the world total. It was harvested from 1.5 million ha, an average yield of 2.2 t/ha.
- World production, 2024
- 3.3 million t
- 10-year change
- +18%
- Producing countries
- 65
- World average yield
- 2.25 t/ha
World production, 1961–2024 (tonnes)
Map of other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c. production, 2024
Share of the world total. Small island states are not drawn at this scale.
Producers ranked, 2024
| # | Country | Tonnes | Share | 10-year change | Yield, t/ha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | India E | 1,433,572 | 43.3% | −4.7% | 2.0 |
| 2 | Turkey | 366,338 | 11.1% | +83% | 11.3 |
| 3 | Bangladesh | 301,705 | 9.11% | +95% | 4.8 |
| 4 | Yemen I | 300,335 | 9.07% | +48% | 1.7 |
| 5 | Ethiopia I | 283,916 | 8.57% | −5.6% | 0.9 |
| 6 | Indonesia E | 160,570 | 4.85% | +43% | 25.2 |
| 7 | Pakistan | 138,839 | 4.19% | +86% | 7.6 |
| 8 | China E | 107,243 | 3.24% | +8.1% | 3.3 |
| 9 | Myanmar I | 30,880 | 0.93% | +312% | 1.9 |
| 10 | Sierra Leone | 30,634 | 0.92% | +77% | 2.2 |
| 11 | Nepal E | 22,667 | 0.68% | +4.0% | 7.0 |
| 12 | Colombia | 18,481 | 0.56% | +1.5% | 5.1 |
| 13 | Mexico I | 12,295 | 0.37% | +207% | 7.1 |
| 14 | Nigeria I | 10,869 | 0.33% | +74% | 1.6 |
| 15 | Dominican Republic | 7,898 | 0.24% | +529% | 1.6 |
| 16 | Peru I | 6,594 | 0.20% | +1.2% | 14.1 |
| 17 | Burkina Faso E | 6,534 | 0.20% | +6.5% | 1.9 |
| 18 | Georgia I | 5,413 | 0.16% | +26% | 2.4 |
| 19 | Niger I | 5,178 | 0.16% | +0.6% | 1.5 |
| 20 | Morocco E | 5,056 | 0.15% | +6.2% | 0.9 |
| 21 | Sri Lanka E | 4,989 | 0.15% | −9.1% | 8.4 |
| 22 | Syria E | 4,669 | 0.14% | +6.6% | 0.7 |
| 23 | Thailand I | 4,517 | 0.14% | +50% | 1.6 |
| 24 | DR Congo I | 4,053 | 0.12% | +1.9% | 0.7 |
| 25 | Jordan I | 4,003 | 0.12% | — | 4.1 |
| 26 | Bolivia E | 3,510 | 0.11% | +3.4% | 0.6 |
| 27 | Tunisia E | 3,366 | 0.10% | −7.0% | 1.0 |
| 28 | Bhutan I | 3,001 | 0.09% | +0.4% | 6.0 |
| 29 | Brazil | 2,663 | 0.08% | — | 0.3 |
| 30 | Zambia E | 2,559 | 0.08% | −11% | 1.0 |
| 31 | Puerto Rico I | 1,752 | 0.05% | +27% | 12.1 |
| 32 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1,621 | 0.05% | −22% | 16.9 |
| 33 | Argentina I | 1,539 | 0.05% | +3.3% | 1.2 |
| 34 | Kenya E | 1,221 | 0.04% | +1.5% | 1.4 |
| 35 | Hong Kong I | 998 | 0.03% | +0.3% | 8.0 |
| 36 | Ecuador E | 840 | 0.03% | +6.9% | 0.9 |
| 37 | Jamaica | 777 | 0.02% | −46% | 5.5 |
| 38 | Malawi E | 774 | 0.02% | +8.4% | 0.9 |
| 39 | Malaysia E | 774 | 0.02% | +8.4% | 10.1 |
| 40 | Lebanon I | 717 | 0.02% | +1.0% | 1.7 |
| 41 | Côte d'Ivoire I | 709 | 0.02% | −2.7% | 0.6 |
| 42 | Eritrea E | 642 | 0.02% | +6.5% | 1.0 |
| 43 | Zimbabwe I | 558 | 0.02% | −3.3% | 1.0 |
| 44 | Uzbekistan E | 541 | 0.02% | +8.2% | 1.1 |
| 45 | Guyana I | 474 | 0.01% | +629% | 158.0 |
| 46 | Kuwait E | 452 | 0.01% | +6.4% | 8.1 |
| 47 | Madagascar E | 431 | 0.01% | +154% | 1.8 |
| 48 | Kyrgyzstan I | 407 | 0.01% | +1.8% | 3.5 |
| 49 | Guatemala E | 405 | 0.01% | +1.3% | 0.7 |
| 50 | Albania I | 364 | 0.01% | +4.0% | 0.9 |
| 51 | Papua New Guinea E | 337 | 0.01% | +7.0% | 0.8 |
| 52 | Timor-Leste I | 327 | 0.01% | −10% | 1.1 |
| 53 | Togo E | 279 | 0.01% | +7.7% | 1.0 |
| 54 | Tonga I | 260 | 0.01% | +1.2% | 2.8 |
| 55 | Solomon Islands I | 219 | 0.01% | +4.8% | 3.2 |
| 56 | Mauritius I | 205 | 0.01% | +1.0% | 17.1 |
| 57 | North Macedonia E | 194 | 0.01% | +2.1% | 2.1 |
| 58 | Rwanda E | 138 | 0.00% | +4.5% | 2.5 |
| 59 | Saint Lucia I | 128 | 0.00% | −1.5% | 0.9 |
| 60 | Dominica E | 126 | 0.00% | +2.4% | 0.5 |
| 61 | Samoa I | 105 | 0.00% | +4.0% | 1.0 |
| 62 | Comoros I | 64 | 0.00% | +4.9% | 1.2 |
| 63 | Grenada E | 31 | 0.00% | −52% | 0.6 |
| 64 | Afghanistan I | 17 | 0.00% | — | 0.0 |
| 65 | French Polynesia I | 5 | 0.00% | — | 2.5 |
E = estimated by FAO, I = imputed by FAO, X = from an external organisation; other figures are official.
How concentrated is production?
The largest producer, India, accounts for 43.3% of the world total in 2024; the five largest for 81.1% and the ten largest for 95.2%.
| Year | Top 5 share | Top 10 share | Countries with data |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 89.7% | 94.5% | 62 |
| 2005 | 88.6% | 95.2% | 62 |
| 2010 | 84.9% | 95.8% | 65 |
| 2015 | 81.7% | 94.7% | 68 |
| 2020 | 82.7% | 95.3% | 66 |
| 2024 | 81.1% | 95.2% | 65 |
By continent, 2024
| Continent | Production | Share of world | Share in 2014 | 10-year change | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | 2.9 million t | 87.3% | 85.5% | +20% | 23 |
| Africa | 357,186 t | 10.8% | 12.7% | +0.5% | 19 |
| South America | 34,101 t | 1.0% | 1.1% | +12% | 7 |
| North and Central America | 25,033 t | 0.8% | 0.4% | +130% | 9 |
| Oceania | 926 t | 0.0% | 0.0% | −7.9% | 5 |
| Europe | 558 t | 0.0% | 0.3% | −93% | 2 |
Sums of country figures; the world total also includes countries without a continent assignment, so shares may not add up to 100%.
Fastest growing and declining producers, 2014–2024
Countries with at least 0.5% of world production in 2024, change over ten years.
Growing
| Myanmar | 30,880 t | +312% |
| Bangladesh | 301,705 t | +95% |
| Pakistan | 138,839 t | +86% |
| Turkey | 366,338 t | +83% |
| Sierra Leone | 30,634 t | +77% |
Area harvested and yields
The world average yield was 2.25 t/ha in 2024.
- Production, 2014–2024
- +18%
- Harvested area
- +12%
- Average yield
- +5.6%
- World area, 2024
- 1.5 million ha
Most of the increase came from a larger harvested area rather than higher yields.
World area harvested, 1961–2024 (hectares)
Highest yields
Lowest yields
| Country | Yield, t/ha | vs world |
|---|---|---|
| Ethiopia | 0.9 | −59% |
| Yemen | 1.7 | −25% |
| Myanmar | 1.9 | −15% |
| India | 2.0 | −10% |
| Sierra Leone | 2.2 | −1.7% |
Among countries with at least 0.5% of world production. Yield = production ÷ harvested area; it depends on climate, varieties, irrigation and how the crop is counted, so it is not a measure of efficiency alone.
Long-term trend, 1961–2024
- Average growth per year, 1961–2024
- +3.3%
- Average growth per year, last 10 years
- +1.7%
- Record year
- 2024 3.3 million t
- Largest yearly fall
- 1965 −17%
| Decade | Average per year | vs previous decade |
|---|---|---|
| 1960s (1961–1969) | 380,629 t | — |
| 1970s | 449,707 t | +18% |
| 1980s | 662,226 t | +47% |
| 1990s | 997,713 t | +51% |
| 2000s | 1.5 million t | +50% |
| 2010s | 2.8 million t | +85% |
| 2020s (2020–2024) | 3.2 million t | +16% |
Production per person, 2024
World production of other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c. was 0.41 kg per person in 2024. The highest figures, among countries with at least 1 million inhabitants:
| # | Country | kg per person | Production |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yemen | 7.40 | 300,335 t |
| 2 | Turkey | 4.19 | 366,338 t |
| 3 | Sierra Leone | 3.54 | 30,634 t |
| 4 | Ethiopia | 2.15 | 283,916 t |
| 5 | Bangladesh | 1.74 | 301,705 t |
| 6 | Georgia | 1.42 | 5,413 t |
| 7 | India | 0.99 | 1.4 million t |
| 8 | Nepal | 0.76 | 22,667 t |
| 9 | Dominican Republic | 0.69 | 7,898 t |
| 10 | Myanmar | 0.57 | 30,880 t |
Production divided by population (FAOSTAT population estimates, 2024). Production per person is not consumption: countries export, import and use crops for feed, processing and industry.
International trade, 2024
- World exports
- 748,071 t
- Export value
- USD 2.26 bn
- Exports as share of production
- 23%
- Average export price
- 3.02 USD/kg
India was the largest exporter with 39.9% of the quantity reported by exporting countries; United States was the largest importer with 6.8%. World exports grew 64% over ten years.
World exports, 2000–2024 (tonnes)
Largest exporters
| # | Country | Tonnes | Share | Value | USD/kg | 10-year change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | India | 297,947 | 39.9% | USD 592 m | 1.99 | +49% |
| 2 | Turkey | 51,243 | 6.9% | USD 177 m | 3.46 | +66% |
| 3 | South Africa | 31,011 | 4.1% | USD 80.9 m | 2.61 | +69% |
| 4 | Myanmar | 30,318 | 4.1% | USD 15.1 m | 0.50 | +116% |
| 5 | Netherlands | 23,757 | 3.2% | USD 127 m | 5.36 | +16% |
| 6 | Nigeria | 23,152 | 3.1% | USD 11.4 m | 0.49 | +2,624% |
| 7 | Syria | 21,517 | 2.9% | USD 34.9 m | 1.62 | +510% |
| 8 | Pakistan | 20,719 | 2.8% | USD 84.4 m | 4.07 | +49% |
| 9 | Germany | 16,508 | 2.2% | USD 121 m | 7.34 | +64% |
| 10 | Cameroon | 16,479 | 2.2% | USD 358,000 | 0.02 | +17,431% |
Largest importers
| # | Country | Tonnes | Share | Value | USD/kg | 10-year change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 55,027 | 6.8% | USD 279 m | 5.06 | +63% |
| 2 | India | 49,685 | 6.2% | USD 96.5 m | 1.94 | +243% |
| 3 | Saudi Arabia | 49,120 | 6.1% | USD 256 m | 5.20 | +71% |
| 4 | Bangladesh | 48,171 | 6.0% | USD 64.7 m | 1.34 | +743% |
| 5 | United Arab Emirates | 46,502 | 5.8% | USD 112 m | 2.41 | +151% |
| 6 | Malaysia | 32,619 | 4.1% | USD 39.6 m | 1.22 | +115% |
| 7 | Netherlands | 32,291 | 4.0% | USD 97.8 m | 3.03 | +113% |
| 8 | China | 30,879 | 3.8% | USD 86.6 m | 2.80 | +2,930% |
| 9 | Germany | 29,478 | 3.7% | USD 136 m | 4.60 | +63% |
| 10 | Belgium | 28,639 | 3.6% | USD 79.9 m | 2.79 | +194% |
FAOSTAT detailed trade data (Crops and livestock products trade, release of 23 July 2026): quantities in tonnes and values in current US dollars as reported by countries; exports include re-exports. Shares are of the total reported by all exporting or importing countries. World exports and imports do not match because of timing, valuation (exports FOB, imports CIF) and gaps in reporting. Processed products such as juices, dried or canned goods are separate items.
Questions and answers
Which country produces the most other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c.?
India was the largest producer in 2024 with 1.4 million t, 43.3% of the world total, according to FAOSTAT.
What is the world production of other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c.?
World production was 3.3 million t in 2024, +18% compared with 2014.
Which countries produce the most other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c.?
In 2024: India (1.4 million t, 43.3%), Turkey (366,338 t, 11.1%), Bangladesh (301,705 t, 9.1%), Yemen (300,335 t, 9.1%), Ethiopia (283,916 t, 8.6%). Together they account for 81.1% of the world total.
What is the average yield of other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c.?
The world average was 2.25 tonnes per hectare in 2024 (3.3 million t from 1.5 million ha harvested).
Which country exports the most other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c.?
India exported 297,947 t in 2024, 39.9% of reported world exports, worth USD 592 m, according to FAOSTAT trade data.
Which country imports the most other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c.?
United States imported 55,027 t in 2024, 6.8% of reported world imports.
Where does this data come from?
Production and area figures are from FAOSTAT, the statistics database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (dataset Crops and livestock products, release of 23 December 2025). Shares, rankings, changes and averages are calculated by Husfarm.
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About the data
- Figures are production in tonnes as reported to or estimated by FAO for each calendar year; the latest year is 2024.
- Letters next to a country mark figures that are not official national data: E estimated by FAO, I imputed by FAO (filled in by a statistical model), X taken from an external organisation. Treat them as approximate.
- Shares are relative to the FAO world total; ten-year changes compare 2024 with 2014; yield is production divided by area harvested; average growth per year is the compound annual rate between the two years.
- Country series on Husfarm start in 2000; the world series starts in 1961.
Download CSV All countries and years: production, area harvested and FAO flag.
How to cite: FAO (2025). FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products — Other stimulant, spice and aromatic crops, n.e.c.. Retrieved via Husfarm, https://husfarm.com/production/other-stimulant/. Licence CC BY 4.0.
Source: FAO. 2025. FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products. Accessed on 4 November 2026. fao.org/faostat. Licence: CC BY 4.0. Charts, rankings and changes calculated by Husfarm.