Pepper (black, white) production by country
World production of pepper (black, white) reached 933,416 t in 2024, up 85% over ten years. The largest producers were Vietnam (28.1%), India (13.5%), Brazil (13.4%), together 55% of the world total. It was harvested from 857,754 ha, an average yield of 1.1 t/ha.
- World production, 2024
- 933,416 t
- 10-year change
- +85%
- Producing countries
- 47
- World average yield
- 1.09 t/ha
World production, 1961–2024 (tonnes)
Map of pepper (black, white) production, 2024
Share of the world total. Small island states are not drawn at this scale.
Producers ranked, 2024
| # | Country | Tonnes | Share | 10-year change | Yield, t/ha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vietnam | 262,230 | 28.1% | +73% | 2.7 |
| 2 | India | 126,038 | 13.5% | +147% | 0.4 |
| 3 | Brazil | 124,925 | 13.4% | +195% | 2.9 |
| 4 | Burkina Faso I | 77,932 | 8.35% | +160% | 0.8 |
| 5 | Indonesia | 62,625 | 6.71% | −28% | 0.4 |
| 6 | Iraq I | 60,257 | 6.46% | — | 10.8 |
| 7 | Sri Lanka | 44,467 | 4.76% | +60% | 0.9 |
| 8 | Tajikistan E | 35,760 | 3.83% | +4,020% | 20.9 |
| 9 | China E | 34,588 | 3.71% | +5.7% | 1.9 |
| 10 | Malaysia | 34,408 | 3.69% | +25% | 4.2 |
| 11 | Zimbabwe | 17,480 | 1.87% | +18% | 10.0 |
| 12 | Mexico | 9,145 | 0.98% | +176% | 2.9 |
| 13 | Jordan I | 5,041 | 0.54% | — | 4.1 |
| 14 | Madagascar E | 4,836 | 0.52% | +8.3% | 0.6 |
| 15 | Ecuador E | 4,589 | 0.49% | +83% | 2.0 |
| 16 | Ethiopia E | 4,562 | 0.49% | +12% | 0.6 |
| 17 | Niger I | 3,899 | 0.42% | +253% | 0.3 |
| 18 | Ghana E | 3,801 | 0.41% | +4.9% | 0.7 |
| 19 | Rwanda I | 2,776 | 0.30% | +9.6% | 3.5 |
| 20 | Cambodia I | 2,511 | 0.27% | +0.2% | 6.7 |
| 21 | Uganda I | 2,217 | 0.24% | +4.2% | 1.3 |
| 22 | Costa Rica E | 1,658 | 0.18% | −15% | 4.3 |
| 23 | Philippines | 828 | 0.09% | −68% | 0.5 |
| 24 | Guatemala E | 808 | 0.09% | −4.9% | 0.6 |
| 25 | Kenya I | 770 | 0.08% | +175% | 1.0 |
| 26 | Honduras I | 734 | 0.08% | +29% | 0.5 |
| 27 | Brunei | 642 | 0.07% | +6.1% | 0.4 |
| 28 | Namibia I | 460 | 0.05% | +130% | 1.4 |
| 29 | Peru | 447 | 0.05% | +42% | 3.5 |
| 30 | Tanzania E | 437 | 0.05% | +9.8% | 0.4 |
| 31 | Malawi E | 346 | 0.04% | −79% | 0.7 |
| 32 | Guyana E | 338 | 0.04% | −11% | 0.4 |
| 33 | Thailand | 261 | 0.03% | −78% | 2.8 |
| 34 | Côte d'Ivoire E | 246 | 0.03% | −19% | 0.6 |
| 35 | Macao I | 226 | 0.02% | +4.1% | 1.7 |
| 36 | Uzbekistan E | 211 | 0.02% | +5.5% | 0.6 |
| 37 | Kyrgyzstan E | 201 | 0.02% | +12% | 1.1 |
| 38 | Benin E | 183 | 0.02% | +8.3% | 0.3 |
| 39 | Grenada | 124 | 0.01% | — | 4.0 |
| 40 | Fiji I | 121 | 0.01% | −2.4% | 0.1 |
| 41 | Cameroon I | 100 | 0.01% | +7.5% | 0.4 |
| 42 | French Polynesia I | 76 | 0.01% | — | 76.0 |
| 43 | Zambia E | 63 | 0.01% | −22% | 0.9 |
| 44 | Bolivia E | 27 | 0.00% | +3.8% | 0.8 |
| 45 | Saint Lucia I | 11 | 0.00% | −94% | 3.7 |
| 46 | Samoa E | 11 | 0.00% | 0.0% | 0.6 |
| 47 | Vanuatu I | 2 | 0.00% | — | 2.0 |
E = estimated by FAO, I = imputed by FAO, X = from an external organisation; other figures are official.
How concentrated is production?
The largest producer, Vietnam, accounts for 28.1% of the world total in 2024; the five largest for 70.0% and the ten largest for 92.5%.
| Year | Top 5 share | Top 10 share | Countries with data |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 75.9% | 91.9% | 40 |
| 2005 | 78.9% | 93.0% | 41 |
| 2010 | 75.4% | 92.5% | 40 |
| 2015 | 72.6% | 93.9% | 42 |
| 2020 | 70.6% | 91.3% | 45 |
| 2024 | 70.0% | 92.5% | 47 |
By continent, 2024
| Continent | Production | Share of world | Share in 2014 | 10-year change | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | 670,294 t | 71.8% | 76.5% | +73% | 16 |
| South America | 130,326 t | 14.0% | 9.0% | +186% | 5 |
| Africa | 120,108 t | 12.9% | 13.1% | +82% | 16 |
| North and Central America | 12,480 t | 1.3% | 1.4% | +82% | 6 |
| Oceania | 210 t | 0.0% | 0.0% | +56% | 4 |
Sums of country figures; the world total also includes countries without a continent assignment, so shares may not add up to 100%.
Fastest growing and declining producers, 2014–2024
Countries with at least 0.5% of world production in 2024, change over ten years.
Growing
| Tajikistan | 35,760 t | +4,020% |
| Brazil | 124,925 t | +195% |
| Mexico | 9,145 t | +176% |
| Burkina Faso | 77,932 t | +160% |
| India | 126,038 t | +147% |
Declining
| Indonesia | 62,625 t | −28% |
Area harvested and yields
The world average yield was 1.09 t/ha in 2024.
- Production, 2014–2024
- +85%
- Harvested area
- +64%
- Average yield
- +13%
- World area, 2024
- 857,754 ha
Most of the increase came from a larger harvested area rather than higher yields.
World area harvested, 1961–2024 (hectares)
Highest yields
| Country | Yield, t/ha | vs world |
|---|---|---|
| Tajikistan | 20.9 | +1,822% |
| Iraq | 10.8 | +892% |
| Zimbabwe | 10.0 | +819% |
| Malaysia | 4.2 | +281% |
| Jordan | 4.1 | +281% |
Lowest yields
| Country | Yield, t/ha | vs world |
|---|---|---|
| Indonesia | 0.4 | −65% |
| India | 0.4 | −63% |
| Madagascar | 0.6 | −47% |
| Burkina Faso | 0.8 | −27% |
| Sri Lanka | 0.9 | −16% |
Among countries with at least 0.5% of world production. Yield = production ÷ harvested area; it depends on climate, varieties, irrigation and how the crop is counted, so it is not a measure of efficiency alone.
Long-term trend, 1961–2024
- Average growth per year, 1961–2024
- +4.2%
- Average growth per year, last 10 years
- +6.3%
- Record year
- 2021 961,001 t
- Largest yearly fall
- 1965 −28%
| Decade | Average per year | vs previous decade |
|---|---|---|
| 1960s (1961–1969) | 99,573 t | — |
| 1970s | 135,180 t | +36% |
| 1980s | 177,875 t | +32% |
| 1990s | 257,614 t | +45% |
| 2000s | 425,979 t | +65% |
| 2010s | 587,551 t | +38% |
| 2020s (2020–2024) | 921,534 t | +57% |
Production per person, 2024
World production of pepper (black, white) was 0.11 kg per person in 2024. The highest figures, among countries with at least 1 million inhabitants:
| # | Country | kg per person | Production |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tajikistan | 3.38 | 35,760 t |
| 2 | Burkina Faso | 3.31 | 77,932 t |
| 3 | Vietnam | 2.60 | 262,230 t |
| 4 | Sri Lanka | 1.92 | 44,467 t |
| 5 | Iraq | 1.31 | 60,257 t |
| 6 | Zimbabwe | 1.05 | 17,480 t |
| 7 | Malaysia | 0.97 | 34,408 t |
| 8 | Brazil | 0.59 | 124,925 t |
| 9 | Jordan | 0.44 | 5,041 t |
| 10 | Costa Rica | 0.32 | 1,658 t |
Production divided by population (FAOSTAT population estimates, 2024). Production per person is not consumption: countries export, import and use crops for feed, processing and industry.
International trade, 2024
Trade item: Pepper (Piper spp.), raw. Other forms of this product (for example frozen, boneless, shelled, dried or processed) are separate FAO trade items that are not included here, so these figures cover only part of its trade.
- World exports
- 481,160 t
- Export value
- USD 2.55 bn
- Average export price
- 5.30 USD/kg
Vietnam was the largest exporter with 44.3% of the quantity reported by exporting countries; United States was the largest importer with 20.8%. World exports grew 19% over ten years.
World exports, 2000–2024 (tonnes)
Largest exporters
| # | Country | Tonnes | Share | Value | USD/kg | 10-year change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vietnam | 213,105 | 44.3% | USD 1.01 bn | 4.76 | +37% |
| 2 | Brazil | 61,665 | 12.8% | USD 286 m | 4.64 | +80% |
| 3 | Indonesia | 55,475 | 11.5% | USD 311 m | 5.61 | +60% |
| 4 | Sri Lanka | 25,979 | 5.4% | USD 169 m | 6.50 | +228% |
| 5 | India | 19,795 | 4.1% | USD 112 m | 5.67 | −28% |
| 6 | Netherlands | 13,681 | 2.8% | USD 90.0 m | 6.58 | +6.4% |
| 7 | Germany | 13,611 | 2.8% | USD 93.2 m | 6.85 | +16% |
| 8 | United States | 8,246 | 1.7% | USD 47.6 m | 5.78 | −30% |
| 9 | Cambodia | 7,393 | 1.5% | USD 35.3 m | 4.77 | +597% |
| 10 | Malaysia | 5,784 | 1.2% | USD 40.9 m | 7.08 | −58% |
Largest importers
| # | Country | Tonnes | Share | Value | USD/kg | 10-year change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 97,974 | 20.8% | USD 540 m | 5.52 | +42% |
| 2 | India | 46,998 | 10.0% | USD 262 m | 5.57 | +104% |
| 3 | Vietnam | 33,289 | 7.1% | USD 186 m | 5.60 | +276% |
| 4 | Germany | 28,039 | 5.9% | USD 167 m | 5.95 | +7.9% |
| 5 | Pakistan | 16,218 | 3.4% | USD 43.6 m | 2.69 | +100% |
| 6 | Netherlands | 15,901 | 3.4% | USD 90.0 m | 5.66 | +0.2% |
| 7 | France | 13,123 | 2.8% | USD 84.9 m | 6.47 | +37% |
| 8 | Saudi Arabia | 12,237 | 2.6% | USD 48.7 m | 3.98 | +67% |
| 9 | United Kingdom | 12,039 | 2.6% | USD 72.6 m | 6.03 | +10% |
| 10 | United Arab Emirates | 11,148 | 2.4% | USD 63.6 m | 5.70 | −44% |
FAOSTAT detailed trade data (Crops and livestock products trade, release of 23 July 2026): quantities in tonnes and values in current US dollars as reported by countries; exports include re-exports. Shares are of the total reported by all exporting or importing countries. World exports and imports do not match because of timing, valuation (exports FOB, imports CIF) and gaps in reporting. Processed products such as juices, dried or canned goods are separate items.
Black pepper (Piper) prices on wholesale markets
- Markets quoting
- 3
- Median price
- 7.28 EUR/kg
- Middle half of quotes
- 7.20–7.30 EUR/kg
- Latest quote
- 30 October 2026
Prices in producing countries
| Rank | Producer | Production, 2024 | Markets | Median price |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | India | 126,038 t | 3 | 7.28 EUR/kg |
Median of the midpoints of 5 current quotes converted to EUR per kg at the reference rates used on Husfarm. Markets quote different varieties, grades, origins and trade stages, so prices are not directly comparable between countries.
Questions and answers
Which country produces the most pepper (black, white)?
Vietnam was the largest producer in 2024 with 262,230 t, 28.1% of the world total, according to FAOSTAT.
What is the world production of pepper (black, white)?
World production was 933,416 t in 2024, +85% compared with 2014.
Which countries produce the most pepper (black, white)?
In 2024: Vietnam (262,230 t, 28.1%), India (126,038 t, 13.5%), Brazil (124,925 t, 13.4%), Burkina Faso (77,932 t, 8.3%), Indonesia (62,625 t, 6.7%). Together they account for 70.0% of the world total.
What is the average yield of pepper (black, white)?
The world average was 1.09 tonnes per hectare in 2024 (933,416 t from 857,754 ha harvested).
What is the wholesale price of pepper (black, white) today?
The median of 5 current quotes on 3 markets tracked by Husfarm is 7.28 EUR/kg (latest quote 30 October 2026). Prices vary widely by variety, grade, origin and market.
Which country exports the most pepper (piper spp.), raw?
Vietnam exported 213,105 t in 2024, 44.3% of reported world exports, worth USD 1.01 bn, according to FAOSTAT trade data.
Which country imports the most pepper (piper spp.), raw?
United States imported 97,974 t in 2024, 20.8% of reported world imports.
Where does this data come from?
Production and area figures are from FAOSTAT, the statistics database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (dataset Crops and livestock products, release of 23 December 2025). Shares, rankings, changes and averages are calculated by Husfarm.
Related products
About the data
- Figures are production in tonnes as reported to or estimated by FAO for each calendar year; the latest year is 2024.
- Letters next to a country mark figures that are not official national data: E estimated by FAO, I imputed by FAO (filled in by a statistical model), X taken from an external organisation. Treat them as approximate.
- Shares are relative to the FAO world total; ten-year changes compare 2024 with 2014; yield is production divided by area harvested; average growth per year is the compound annual rate between the two years.
- Country series on Husfarm start in 2000; the world series starts in 1961.
Download CSV All countries and years: production, area harvested and FAO flag.
How to cite: FAO (2025). FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products — Pepper (black, white). Retrieved via Husfarm, https://husfarm.com/production/black-pepper/. Licence CC BY 4.0.
Source: FAO. 2025. FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products. Accessed on 4 November 2026. fao.org/faostat. Licence: CC BY 4.0. Charts, rankings and changes calculated by Husfarm.