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Intercontinental history of agriculture

8 topics: Coffee between Ethiopia and Yemen; The Columbian Exchange: crops, people and oceans; The Wardian case and living plant transport; Locust phase…

Coffee between Ethiopia and Yemen: 15th–17th centuries · cultivation, drinking and trade, Ethiopia and Yemen · Red Sea trading routes. Arabica’s African origins, Yemen’s mountain farms and commerce through Red Sea ports together shaped the early coffee economy.
The Columbian Exchange: crops, people and oceans: from 1492 CE, Americas, Europe and Africa · later global networks. Maize and potatoes spread beyond the Americas; wheat and livestock travel in the opposite direction.
The Wardian case and living plant transport: 1829; sea trial 1833–1834, London, Sydney and global horticultural networks. Protecting light and moisture helped living plants travel, with consequences for nurseries, commercial crops and biological risk controls.
Locust phase theory and observing agricultural threats: 1921: Uvarov’s theory; nineteenth-century observations to mechanistic research, The Caucasus, London, southern Africa and international research networks. Uvarov’s theory connected different locust forms and opened investigation of density, behaviour and habitat in the development of crop threats.
Seed banks: from Vavilov’s expeditions to safety duplicates in Svalbard: 1920s–1930s: Vavilov’s programme; 2008: Svalbard opens, Leningrad/St Petersburg and worldwide collections; Svalbard, Norway. Collecting, documenting and regenerating crop diversity, and creating secure copies of genebank collections.
Collectivisation, 1929–1933: The Coercive Transformation of Soviet Agriculture: 1929–1933 · principal drive of forced collectivisation, USSR: Ukraine, Kazakhstan, regions of the Russian SFSR and other areas. State control, confiscation and repression destroyed farm autonomy and contributed to catastrophic famines with distinct regional experiences.
The Green Revolution in agricultural history: 1940s–1960s, Mexico, followed by India, Pakistan and elsewhere. Wheat breeding and changes in cultivation methods enable higher grain production.
FAO in 1945: Agriculture and Nutrition Become an International Responsibility: 16 October 1945 · FAO established, Quebec City, Canada; preparations in Hot Springs and Washington. A permanent postwar institution linked knowledge of agricultural production, nutrition and rural life with cooperation between governments.