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Early modern: history of agriculture (c. 1500–1800)

Oceans connect continents: crops, animals and people move between the Americas, Europe and Africa.

The Vistula Grain Trade: Estates, River Transport and Gdańsk: Later 15th–17th centuries; political turning point in 1466, The Vistula basin, Gdańsk and Baltic routes to western Europe. Grain exports connected demesne farms, peasant households, river ports and merchants, with real social costs behind the granary-of-Europe image.
The Columbian Exchange: crops, people and oceans: from 1492 CE, Americas, Europe and Africa · later global networks. Maize and potatoes spread beyond the Americas; wheat and livestock travel in the opposite direction.
Třeboň: a carp-farming landscape: medieval origins; 16th-century expansion, Třeboň Basin, South Bohemia. Netolický and Krčín developed an interconnected pond network whose operation joined carp biology with water control and organised labour.
Ifugao Terraces: Rice, Autonomy and Revised Dating: Sixteenth–eighteenth centuries · intensive rice expansion; settlement is older, Ifugao, Cordillera mountains, Luzon, Philippines. Archaeology revises terrace chronology, revealing local responses to colonialism, diverse farming and the enduring importance of water rights.
English water meadows: earlier fodder from river valleys: Sixteenth–nineteenth centuries; Vaughan publication 1610, England; Wessex, Herefordshire and Norfolk. Controlled water flow encouraged early grass growth, linking meadow management with livestock and arable land.
Beemster 1612: Turning a Lake into an Agricultural Landscape: 1607–1612 · drained in 1612, Beemster, North Holland, Netherlands. Merchant investment, wind-powered drainage and a geometric land division created farmland dependent on continuing water management.
Caribbean sugar plantations: production, enslavement and landscape: 17th–19th centuries · Barbados's transformation from the 1640s, Caribbean · Barbados as the principal case study. Fields, mills and boiling houses connected through coerced labour, capital and Atlantic commerce.