Nile Tilapia
Mozambique tilapia can be divided into three major clades corresponding to their countries of origin. The hybridization scenario inferred from mismatch distribution plots was that hybrids were more common in Mozambique than in Egypt or South Africa, while the few hybrids found in South Africa and Egypt were mostly Nile tilapia crossed with blue tilapia. Mozambique tilapia mtDNA haplotypes were closest to South African and Egyptian intact populations, rather than to hybrids, suggesting that Mozambique's tilapias originated from South Africa or Egypt rather than from hybridization among other Mozambique populations.
The Mozambique tilapia is native to the African Great Lakes region, and Nile tilapia is widely distributed across Africa. Both species are widely cultured globally. Hybrids may represent an escape of farmed fish, or introgression from one species into the other in their native range due to natural water conditions allowing individuals carrying the "wrong" allele at a given locus to survive.
In this study, we sequenced the whole mitogenomes of Mozambique tilapia from five countries and Nile tilapia from six countries to investigate their population structure. We used two different analytical approaches: mitochondrial DNA haplotype network analysis that identifies shared haplotypes and provides a measure of genetic diversity, and mismatch analysis that detects deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium within samples. The extent to which they differed from each other was compared using haplotype network analysis and the most likely hybridization scenario inferred from mismatch distribution plots.
The Mozambique tilapia was divided into three major clades corresponding to their countries of origin (i.e. the haplotype network). The most likely hybridization scenario inferred from mismatch distribution plots was that hybrids were more common in Mozambique than in Egypt or South Africa, while Nile tilapia rarely introgressed into Mozambique tilapia in Egypt and South Africa.
We conclude that Mozambique's tilapias originated from South African or Egyptian rather than from hybridization among other Mozambique populations.
The majority of tilapiine species within the genus Oreochromis can be divided into two groups, one with patterned caudal fin and the other without a pattern. Blue tilapia (O. aureus) have interrupted bands, while Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) have strong vertical bands. Mozambique tilapia are typically marked with few or no bars on the caudal fin, but males typically have an upturned snout.
Global nile tilapia production
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), global production of Nile tilapia has increased steadily over the past few decades, reaching a peak of 1.37 million metric tons in 2013. The vast majority of this fish is produced in aquaculture operations, with Egypt being the largest producer. Other significant producing countries include China, Indonesia, and Brazil.
Nile tilapia is a popular choice for aquaculture due to its fast growth rate, tolerance to poor water conditions, and ability to thrive on a diet of plant-based materials. As a result, they have been introduced to many new areas around the world where they are not native. In some cases, this has led to negative impacts on local ecosystems due to tilapia's aggressive nature and ability to out-compete other species for food and habitat. As global production of Nile tilapia continues to increase, it is important to monitor the environmental impacts of this fishery and work to mitigate any negative effects.